Single rule for making sentences in English in the Grammar Book brought by the British. It was a book “Only to correct the mistakes of sentences in English which the En-glish children learned to make and speak at home”. In the book they wrote some sentences and gave explanations about the correct meaning of certain words or expres-sions.

Srimad Bhagavad Gita in Malayalam with meaning of all 700 slokas and of Geeta Dhyanam and Geeta Mahatmyam. Source of Bhagavad Gita e-text in Devanagari:www.sanskritdocumetns.orgNote: Sanskrit Gita text was converted into Malayalam using girgit (girgit.chitthajagat.in/ ).

It took me 8-10 hours to correct the errors in the converted text. Still, it was much easier than typing the whole Gita anew. Those who are interested in MS Word 2007 version of the 'Bhagavad Gita Malayalam text & translation' may download it from (The font used is 'rachana' which can be downloaded freely from many sources on the internet).Visit for more Malayalam E-books. The spiritual philosophy and management lessons in this holy book were brought in to light of the world by saints, philosophers and other eminent personalities and they call the Bhagavad-Gita the essence of Vedic Literature and a complete guide to practical life.Through the centuries, the sublime and ennobling counsel of the Gita has endeared it to truth-seekers of East &West alike. It provides 'all that is needed to raise the personality of man to the highest possible level' and self improvement which means self guided improvement in physical, mental, social, spiritual and emotion. Its gospel of devotion to duty, without attachment, has shown the way of life for all men, rich or poor, learned or ignorant, who have sought for light in life. Energy exists in all human beings to fulfil the purpose of the aim of the life.

We expect energy to get task done. The Lord Krishna reveals the deep, universal truths of life that speak to the needs and aspirations of everyone which is relevant even today in Gita. One has a special mission, a special realisation, and each one individually can face all the obstacles necessary to make one’s realisation perfect. Always one will see that within him the shadow & the light are equal: you have ability; you have also the negation of this ability.

But if one discover a very black hole, a thick shadow, be sure there is somewhere in him a great light. It is up to him to know how to understand the one to realise the other.

Contents.Etymology The word Malayalam originated from the words mala, meaning ', and alam, meaning ' or '-ship' (as in 'township'); Malayalam thus translates directly as 'the region.' The term originally referred to the of the, and only later became the name of its language. The language Malayalam is alternatively called Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, and Mallealle.The earliest extant works in the regional of present-day probably date back to as early as the.

However, the named identity of this appears to have come into existence only around the, when it was known as 'Malayayma' or 'Malayanma'; the words were also used to refer to the and the. The word 'Malayalam' was coined in the later period, and the local referred to their as both ' and 'Malayalam' until the.

Evolution The generally held view is that Malayalam was the western coastal dialect of and separated from Tamil sometime between the 9th and 13th centuries. Some scholars however believe that both and Malayalam developed during the prehistoric period from a common ancestor, 'Proto-Tamil-Dravidian', and that the notion of Malayalam being a 'daughter' of is misplaced. This is based on the fact that Malayalam and several on the western coast have common features which are not found even in the oldest historical forms of Tamil., in his 1856 book ' A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages', opined that Malayalam branched from Classical Tamil and over time gained a large amount of vocabulary and lost the personal terminations of verbs. As the language of scholarship and administration, Old-Tamil, which was written in and the Vatteluttu alphabet later, greatly influenced the early development of Malayalam. The Malayalam script began to diverge from the Tamil-Brahmi script in the 8th and 9th centuries. And by the end of the 13th century a written form of the language emerged which was unique from the Tamil-Brahmi script that was used to write Tamil. Thamburan Vanakkam, printed at 1558 used.Ravikutty Pilla Por, written in the 17th century, is the shining example of Malayanma literature.

Ananthapuri Varnanam, written in the 1800s, was among the last of these Malayalam-Tamil books.Itty Achudan, the famed Ayurvedic physician, used and to write in 1678 (which was translated into Latin).In the 17th century, the Malayanma script was extensively used by the Catholics of Kerala. Samkshepa Vedartham, in Malayanma, was printed in Rome in 1772.

The Ramban Bible, written in Malayanma, was translated from Syriac by Fr. Phillipose and published in 1811. After this period, the British banned Malayanma and most of the books written in Malayanma disappeared. The British never supported or translated Malayanma books into Grantha Malayalam, which they chose to promote in the 19th century. Iravikutti Pilla Por, Vadakkan Pattu, Thacholi Pattu, Kannassa Ramayanam, Ramacharitham Ananthapuri Varnanam are a few of the Malayanma books which have survived.

Malayanma, the indigenous Dravidian tongue, and its great literary tradition were lost in history.Role of missionaries Johann Ernst Hanxleden was a German missionary who was the first ever European to write the grammar book for Grantha Malayalam called Grantha Bhashayude Vyakaranam in the 1700s. In 1819, created the first Malayalam (Grantha Malayalam) types. Bailey published the first Malayalam (Grantha Malayalam) Bible in, with the help of Chandu Menon from Ottappalam, who had converted to Christianity and bore the name Joseph Fenn, and Yakob Ramavarman in CMS Kottayam. (In that era Christians were using the Malayalam-Tamil language, hence they did not participate in the printing of the first Malayalam Bible.)The British promoted Grantha Malayalam under the name New Malayanma.In 1848, published the first ever Malayalam newspaper called from Thalassery.

German and Dutch missionaries played a major role in the promotion of Grantha Malayalam in Kerala, leading to its adoption by Christians by the mid 19th century.Dialects Variations in patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register.Dialects of Malayalam are distinguishable at regional and social levels, including occupational and also communal differences. The salient features of many varieties of tribal speech (e.g., the speech of Muthuvans, Malayarayas, Malai Ulladas, Kanikkars, Kadars, Paliyars, Kurumas, and Vedas) and those of the various dialects, (Nasrani), Muslims, fishermen and many of the occupational terms common to different sections of Malayalees have been identified. According to the Dravidian Encyclopedia, the regional of Malayalam can be divided into thirteen dialect areas. They are as follows:South TravancoreCentral TravancoreWest VempanadNorth TravancoreKochi-ThrissurSouth MalabarSouth Eastern PalghatNorth Western PalghatCentral MalabarWayanadKasaragodLakshadweepAccording to Ethnologue, the dialects are: Malabar, Nagari-Malayalam, South Kerala, Central Kerala, North Kerala, Kayavar, Pulaya, Nasrani,. The community dialects are:, Pulaya, and Nasrani. Whereas both the and Nair dialects have a common nature, the is among the most divergent of dialects, differing considerably from literary Malayalam.

Is a dialect of Malayalam spoken mainly in the Union territory of which is nearer to Kerala.As regards the geographical dialects of Malayalam, surveys conducted so far by the Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala restricted the focus of attention during a given study on one specific caste so as to avoid mixing up of more than one variable such as communal and geographical factors. Thus for examples, the survey of the dialect of Malayalam, results of which have been published by the Department in 1974, has brought to light the existence of twelve major dialect areas for Malayalam, although the isoglosses are found to crisscross in many instances. Sub-dialect regions, which could be marked off, were found to be thirty. This number is reported to tally approximately with the number of principalities that existed during the pre-British period in. In a few instances at least, as in the case of Venad, Karappuram, Nileswaram and Kumbala, the known boundaries of old principalities are found to coincide with those of certain dialects or sub-dialects that retain their individuality even today. This seems to reveal the significance of political divisions in in bringing about dialect difference.

Divergence among dialects of Malayalam embrace almost all aspects of language such as phonetics, phonology, grammar and vocabulary. Differences between any two given dialects can be quantified in terms of the presence or absence of specific units at each level of the language. To cite a single example of language variation along the geographical parameter, it may be noted that there are as many as seventy seven different expressions employed by the and spread over various geographical points just to refer to a single item, namely, the flower bunch of coconut. 'Kola' is the expression attested in most of the panchayats in the, and districts of, whereas 'kolachil' occurs most predominantly in and and 'klannil' in.

'Kozhinnul' and 'kulannilu' are the forms most common in and respectively. In addition to these forms most widely spread among the areas specified above, there are dozens of other forms such as 'kotumpu' (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram), 'katirpu' , krali , pattachi, gnannil , 'pochata' etc. Referring to the same item.It may be noted at this point that labels such as 'Brahmin Dialect' and 'Syrian Caste Dialect' refer to overall patterns constituted by the sub-dialects spoken by the subcastes or sub-groups of each such caste.

The most outstanding features of the major communal dialects of Malayalam are summarized below:. Lexical items with phonological features reminiscent of Sanskrit (e.g., viddhi, meaning 'fool'), bhosku ('lie'), musku ('impudence'), dustu ('impurity'), and eebhyan and sumbhan (both meaning 'good-for-nothing fellow') abound in this dialect. The dialect of the educated stratum among the resembles the dialect in many respects. The amount of influence, however, is found to be steadily decreasing as one descends along the parameter of education.

One of the striking features differentiating the dialect from the dialect is the phonetic quality of the word-final: an enunciative vowel unusually transcribed as 'U'. In the Nair dialect it is a mid-central unrounded vowel whereas in the Ezhava dialect it is often heard as a lower high back unrounded vowel. The Syrian Christian dialect of Malayalam is quite close to the dialect, especially in. The speech of the educated section among Syrian Christians and that of those who are close to the church are peculiar in having a number of assimilated as well as unassimilated from. The few loan words which have found their way into the Christian dialect are assimilated in many cases through the process of de-aspiration. The Muslim dialect shows maximum divergence from the literary Standard Dialect of Malayalam.

It is very much influenced by and rather than by Sanskrit or by English. The retroflex continuant zha of the literary dialect is realised in the Muslim dialect as the palatal ya. Tamil spoken in the Kanyakumari district has many Malayalam words.External influences and loanwords Malayalam has incorporated many elements from other languages over the years, the most notable of these being and later, English. According to who compiled the authoritative Malayalam lexicon, the other principal languages whose vocabulary was incorporated over the ages were, and.Many medieval texts were written in an admixture of and early Malayalam, called. The influence of was very prominent in formal Malayalam used in literature. Malayalam has a substantially high amount of Sanskrit loanwords but these are seldom used.

Loanwords and influences also from, and abound in the, as well as, and in the Christian dialects, while and Persian elements predominate in the dialects. The Muslim dialect known as is used in the Malabar region of Kerala. Another Muslim dialect called is used in the extreme northern part of Kerala and the southern part of Karnataka.For a comprehensive list of loan words, see.Geographic distribution and population. See also: and RankState/Union TerritoryMalayalam speakers 2011State's proportion-2011—34,838,8192.88%132,413,21397.03%254,26484.17%327,4757.22%447,97,09,0571.01%Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India (from Talapady to Kanyakumari).

According to the Indian census of 2011, there were 32,299,239 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India, and 96.74% of the total population of the state. There were a further 701,673 (2.1% of the total number) in, 957,705 (2.7%) in, and 406,358 (1.2%) in. The number of Malayalam speakers in is 51,100, which is only 0.15% of the total number, but is as much as about 84% of the population of Lakshadweep. In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of the total Indian population in 2011. Of the total 34,713,130 Malayalam speakers in India in 2011, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan. As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19.64% of the total knew three or more languages.Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in,.

Many Malayalis have also emigrated to the, the United States, and Europe. There were 179,860 speakers of Malayalam in the United States, according to the 2000 census, with the highest concentrations in.

There are 344,000 of Malayalam speakers in. There were 11,687 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2016.

The 2001 reported 7,070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue, mainly in. The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers. 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in. There is also a considerable population in the regions, especially in and.Phonology. A Malayalam board with traditional style letter lla(ള്ള) from Thiruvananthapuram.Historically, several scripts were used to write Malayalam.

Among these were the Vatteluttu, and scripts. But it was the, another variation, which gave rise to the modern. It is syllabic in the sense that the sequence of graphic elements means that syllables have to be read as units, though in this system the elements representing individual vowels and consonants are for the most part readily identifiable. In the 1960s Malayalam dispensed with many special letters representing less frequent conjunct consonants and combinations of the vowel /u/ with different consonants.Malayalam script consists of a total of 578 characters. The script contains 52 letters including 16 vowels and 36 consonants, which forms 576 syllabic characters, and contains two additional diacritic characters named.

The earlier style of writing has been superseded by a new style as of 1981. This new script reduces the different letters for typesetting from 900 to fewer than 90. This was mainly done to include Malayalam in the keyboards of typewriters and computers.In 1999 a group named 'Rachana Akshara Vedi' produced a set of free containing the entire character repertoire of more than 900. This was announced and released along with a in the same year at, the capital of. In 2004, the fonts were released under the license by of the at the in Kochi, Kerala.Malayalam has been written in other scripts like,. Was used by (also known as Nasranis) until the 19th century. Arabic scripts particularly were taught in in Kerala and the.

Literature. Kerala Sahitya Akademy atThe earliest Malayalam inscription discovered until now is the Edakal-5 inscription (ca. Late 4th century – early 5th century).The early literature of Malayalam comprised three types of composition:Malayalam Nada, Tamil Nada and Sanskrit Nada.

Classical songs known as. Texet web camera wcm 183 driver for mac. of the Sanskrit tradition, which permitted a generous interspersing of Sanskrit with Malayalam. Manipravalam Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar wrote Manipravalam poetry in the 14th century. The folk song rich in native elementsto the late 20th century betrays varying degrees of the fusion of the three different strands.

The oldest examples of Pattu and Manipravalam, respectively, are Ramacharitam and Vaishikatantram, both from the 12th century. The earliest extant prose work in the language is a commentary in simple Malayalam, Bhashakautalyam (12th century) on 's.

By (known as the father of modern ) who was born in, one of the most important works in Malayalam literature. Written in the 14th century is amongst the oldest literary works in Malayalam language.By the end of the 18th century some of the from Kerala started writing in Malayalam but mostly travelogues, dictionaries and religious books. (1778), written by is considered to be the first travelogue in an Indian language.Early period. Malayalam letters on old coinThe earliest known poem in Malayalam, dated to the 12th to 14th century, was completed before the introduction of the Sanskrit alphabet. It shows the same phase of the language as in and Sasanas (dated to mid‑8th century). But the period of the earliest available literary document cannot be the sole criterion used to determine the antiquity of a language. In its early literature, Malayalam has songs, Pattu, for various subjects and occasions, such as harvesting, love songs, heroes, gods, etc.

A form of writing called Campu emerged from the 14th century onwards. It mixed poetry with prose and used a vocabulary strongly influenced by Sanskrit, with themes from epics and Puranas. Cover page of Nasranikal okkekkum ariyendunna samkshepavedartham which is the first book to be printed in Malayalam in 1772.Rama-charitam, which was composed in the 14th century A.D., may be said to have inaugurated just as Naniah's did for. The fact is that dialectical and local peculiarities had already developed and stamped themselves in local songs and ballads.

But these linguistic variations were at last gathered together and made to give a coloring to a sustained literary work, the Rama-charitam, thereby giving the new language a justification and a new lease on life.The Malayalam language, with the introduction of a new type of devotional literature, underwent a metamorphosis, both in form and content, and it is generally held that modernity in Malayalam language and literature commenced at this period. This change was brought about by Thunchathu (16th century) who is known as the father of modern.

Till this time Malayalam indicated two different courses of development depending on its relationship with either or.The earliest literary work in Malayalam now available is a prose commentary on Chanakya's, ascribed to the 13th century. The poetical works called Vaisikatantram are also believed to belong to the early 14th century. These works come under a special category known as, literally the combination of two languages, the language of and Sanskrit. A and rhetoric in this hybrid style was written sometime in the 14th century in Sanskrit and the work, called the Lilatikalam, is the main source of information for a student of literary and linguistic history.According to this book, the and Pattu styles of literary compositions were in vogue during this period. 'Pattu' means 'song' and more or less represents the pure Malayalam school of poetry. This section does not any.

Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( July 2012) The establishment of the Madras University in 1857 marks an important event in the cultural history of. It is from here that a generation of scholars well versed in and with the capacity to enrich their own language by adopting Western literary trends came into being. Was the first branch to receive an impetus by its contact with English.

Though there was no shortage of prose in Malayalam, it was not along Western lines. It was left to the farsighted policy of the (1861 to 1880) to start a scheme for the preparation of textbooks for use by schools in the state. Kerala Varma V, a scholar in Sanskrit, Malayalam and English was appointed Chairman of the Committee formed to prepare textbooks.

He wrote several books suited for various standards.The growth of journalism, too, helped in the development of prose. Initiated by missionaries for the purpose of religious propaganda, journalism was taken up by local scholars who started newspapers and journals for literary and political activities., (1861–1914) from was the author of first Malayalam short story, Vasanavikriti. After him innumerable world class literature works by was born in Malayalam.With his work in 1887, marks the origin of prose fiction in Malayalam. Other talented writers were, the author of, a great, in 1889 and another called Sarada.

Also there was, who wrote the historical novel Marthandavarma in 1890 as well as works like Dharmaraja,. Shakuntala writes to Dushyanta. The poetry was translated by asIn poetry there were two main trends, one represented by and the other. The latter's poetry was modeled on the old style abounding in Sanskrit words and terms, but it had a charm of its own when adapted to express new ideas in that masterly way characteristic of himself. His translation of 's in 1882 marks an important event in the history of Malayalam drama and poetry. Also Kerala Varma's Mayura-sandesam is a Sandesakavya (messenger poem) written after the manner of Kalidasa's Meghadutam. Though it cannot be compared with the original, it was still one of the most popularly acclaimed poems in Malayalam.One of the notable features of the early decades of the 20th century was the great interest taken by writers in translating works from Sanskrit and English into Malayalam.

Kalidasa's Meghaduta and Kumarasambhava by A. Raja Raja Varma and the Raghuvamsa by K. Menon must be mentioned. One of the most successful of the later translators was C. Subramaniam Potti who set a good model by his translation of the Durgesanandini of Bankim Chandra from an English version of it.Twentieth century. Malayalam language in mobile phone Prose Several novels were translated during this period.

Potti, mentioned above, also brought out the Lake of Palms of R. Dutt under the title Thala Pushkarani, Kapalakundala by V. Thampi and Visha Vruksham by T. Kalyani Amma were also translations of novels by Bankimochandra Chatterji.Among the original novels written at that time only a few are worth mentioning, such as Bhootha Rayar by Appan Thampuran, Keraleswaran by Raman Nambeesan and by K. Although many social novels were produced during this period, only a few are remembered, such as Snehalatha by Kannan Menon, Hemalatha by T.

Velu Pillai and Kambola-balika by N. Krishna Pillai.

But by far the most inspiring work of that time was Aphante Makal by M. Namboodiri, who directed his literary talents towards the abolition of old worn-out customs and manners which had for years been the bane of the community.Short stories came into being.

With the advent of E. Krishna Pillai, certain marks of novelty became noticeable in the short story. His Keleesoudham proved his capacity to write with considerable emotional appeal.was a pioneer in prose dramas. He had a particular knack for writing dramas in a lighter vein.

His Kurupillakalari of 1909 marks the appearance of the first original Malayalam prose drama. It is a satirical drama intended to ridicule the official classes who started imitating Western fashion and etiquette.

There were other authors, less well-known, who wrote in this vein. Under the guidance of A. Balakrishna Pillai, a progressive school of authors appeared in almost all branches of literature, such as the novel, the short story, the drama, and criticism.Poetry. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( July 2012) Kumaran Asan's celebrated poem, Veena Poovu ( The Fallen Flower) depicts in a symbolic manner the tragedy of human life in a moving and thought-provoking manner. Vallathol's Bandhanasthanaya Aniruddhan, which demonstrates an exceptionally brilliant power of imagination and deep emotional faculties, depicts a situation from the Puranic story of Usha and Aniruddha.

Iyer was another veteran who joined the new school. He wrote a series of poems like Oru Mazhathulli in which he excelled as a romantic poet.The three more or less contemporary poets,and considerably enriched Malayalam poetry. Some of their works reflect social and political movements of that time. Asan wrote about in Kerala; Ullor's writings reflect his deep devotion and admiration for the great moral and spiritual values, which he believed were the real assets of ancient social life of India. They were known as the trio of Malayalam poetry.

After them there were others like K. Nair and who contributed to the growth of poetry.See also.